Trophoblasts are the outermost cell layer of a blastocyst primarily responsible for the implantation process [1]. A trophoblast develops into extra-embryonic tissues, and these include the placenta. [2] Trophoblasts are specialized cells that play a pivotal role in the early stages of mammalian development, particularly in the formation of the placenta. Originating from the outer layer of the blastocyst—the early stage …
