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A recent report titled The Global Burden of Disease Study by the World Health Organization reported over 250 million new cases of COPD, and nearly 5% of all deaths around the world each year are due to this family of airway obstruction diseases. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) & Emphysema result in the rapid loss of lung tissue and airway obstruction due to chronic airway inflammation, resulting in progressive destruction of lung parenchyma, alveolar ducts, alveoli, and respiratory bronchioles. Using lung stem cells offers a new regenerative therapy to address the biological damage caused by chronic lower respiratory diseases. The two most common types of COPD are pulmonary emphysema and recurring bronchitis.
COPD is short for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. COPD is a progressive illness that makes it very difficult to breathe correctly. “Progressive” means that the disease gets worse with time. One of the most common symptoms of this condition is heavy coughing. Coughing produces a lot of mucus (a slimy substance produced by the body), which can cause chest tightness, wheezing, and labored breathing. Cigarette smoking is generally regarded as one of the primary triggers for the onset of pleural mesothelioma, bronchiectasis, and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disorders. Still, it can also be developed as a complication from other disorders/diseases, such as lupus and systemic autoimmune diseases. Most people suffering from COPD are also smokers. Long-term exposure to high levels of lung irritants, such as air pollution, smoke, dust, and chemical fumes, is also a significant contributor to acute lung injury. To better understand COPD, it is beneficial to understand the function of the pulmonary system and how breathing processes occur. The air through the mouth goes straight to your windpipe, then to the bronchial tubes. Many smaller, thinner tubes branch out from the bronchial tubes, called bronchioles, inside your lungs.[1]
The bronchioles are directly connected to small, round air sacs called alveoli. The tiny blood vessels known as capillaries run inside the walls of the alveoli. As soon as air reaches the alveoli, the oxygen in the air passes through the walls of the air-filled spaces and then into the blood through the capillaries. At the same time, carbon dioxide waste gas goes into the alveolar sacs from the capillaries. This procedure is known as gas exchange.[2]
The alveoli and airways are inherently flexible and elastic. Every time you breathe, the alveoli sacs fill up like little balloons. Whenever you breathe out, the opposite happens: the air-filled spaces deflate, and air escapes.
All cells in the human body require a steady supply of fresh oxygen to survive. The respiratory system is responsible for delivering oxygen to all the cells in the human body while removing the waste product carbon dioxide, which can be lethal in excess. Several parts of the respiratory system include the airway, voice box, windpipe, and respiratory tract. The airway consists of the nose, larynx, pharynx, bronchi, mouth, bronchioles, and trachea. The airways are usually divided into upper and lower respiratory tracts. After the trachea, the airways divide into an ever-smaller bronchial tree (bronchi), and at the end of this tree are the individual alveoli sacs.
The causes of COPD are numerous, but for many cases of COPD, the patient may not display any indications. As the disease progresses, signs and complications become much more articulated. The most common signs & indications for COPD diagnosis are:
Although many COPD patients notice such complaints, they do not take them seriously. Coughing is usually the first symptom, but it is initially not noticed or very alarming for most. People who are not very physically active may only recognize COPD when it has reached an advanced stage, when breathing is difficult, even at rest. Researchers have also found that many heavy smokers may already have COPD but might not feel any manifestations until it’s confirmed with a lung function test. Having COPD can also compromise your body’s defense mechanisms, leading to frequent colds and other respiratory infections, including influenza.
The severity of a patient’s indications depends entirely on the extent of lung damage. Patients who keep smoking will develop lung fibrosis and damage to the lung tissue much faster than those who stop smoking. Intractable signs of end-stage COPD may cause swelling in the feet, ankles, and legs, leading to rapid weight loss and reduced overall muscle endurance, which can result in injuries to the hips & knees.
The disease develops slowly. However, there are always phases in which the signs suddenly worsen, especially for patients with COPD with acute exacerbations. The trigger is then usually a respiratory tract infection, and these exacerbations significantly accelerate the progression of chronic inflammatory COPD. Over time, COPD exacerbations increase, and a reduction in lung capacity/lung function can also increase the risk of other diseases such as Spondyloarthropathy, rheumatoid arthritis, Parkinson’s, ataxia, and brain strokes.
Pulmonary Emphysema is part of a family of lung diseases called COPD. Emphysema is a chronic pulmonary disease that is diagnosed after critical damage (permanently dilated or destroyed) to the
Overinflation of the alveoli results from breakdown of the air sac walls, leading to decreased respiratory function and frequent breathlessness. Any damage to the air sacs reduces the inner surface of the alveoli, which are critical for the gas exchange between air and blood. The reduction in cell mass results in a progressive decline in blood oxygen and in oxygen delivery to vital organs, which can lead to peripheral neuropathy, CHF, pulmonary hypertension, DCM with reduced ejection fraction, and myocardial infarction. Damage to the alveolar sacs can be challenging to manage with traditional medications, as chronic inflammation creates permanent holes in the lower lung tissue. Persistent coughing and sputum are other common manifestations of concomitant inflammation (bronchitis).
Some Common Risk Factors and Causes of Pulmonary Emphysema include:
| Stage of Pulmonary Disease | FEV1/FVC – Tiffeneau-Pinelli Index |
| Stage I = Mild | More than or equal to 80% |
| Stage II = Moderate | Less than 80%, More than 50% |
| Stage III – Severe | Less Than 50%, More than 30% |
| Stage IV – Very Severe | Less than 30%, Less than 50% Respiratory Failure |
Diffuse parenchymal lung disease (DPLD) and Emphysema are types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease that display abnormal and permanent enlargement in the terminal bronchioles of the lungs. Emphysema and dyspnea usually occur in patients with bronchitis and obstructive pulmonary and respiratory problems. It is rare for patients to be diagnosed with pure Emphysema ( without displaying other indications ) unless it’s related to COPD due to hereditary/genetic abnormalities. Most patients we treat at the Lung Regen Center have a combination of bronchitis, emphysematous lungs, or cardiometabolic diseases caused by airway impairment. This combination of dyspnea is casually referred to as COPD or COLD (chronic obstructive lung disease).
There are three primary types of Emphysema, including:
The Lung Regeneration Center offers DNA screenings for mutated genes that lead to lung diseases, including:
Genetic screening of pulmonary illnesses is recommended for family members of patients with a family history of lung diseases or cancers or as a tool to confirm an existing diagnosis. Early intervention is key for managing Pulmonary diseases. We do not offer lung transplantation or gene therapies to treat pulmonary disease, but there are several Phase 1 clinical trials underway with the hopes of one day curing COPD completely.[3] To help reduce any risk of developing COPD, emphysematous lungs, and pulmonary hypertension, consider making lifestyle changes and getting regular exercise.
Therapeutic options for chronic pulmonary infections and COPD vary with patient severity. Still, they can help ease some signs, prevent further complications, and gradually slow the progression of the disease using a variety of methods, starting with smoking cessation.
Medications for COPD: Some medications can help reduce symptoms of chronic COPD and reduce frequent exacerbations & flare-ups. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of medicines varies among patients, so your pulmonary specialists might recommend several options to reduce inflammation, relax the airway muscles, or widen the airways to help you breathe more easily. Some common COPD medications include:
Oxygen therapy for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease – Supplemental oxygen is prescribed for patients with low blood oxygen levels. It can be delivered via a nasal cannula or a mask to help patients breathe more easily. A portable oxygen unit may be needed to allow patients to move more easily.
Surgeries for COPD – Surgeries are usually reserved for severe cases of COPD, often as a last resort when other clinical options have failed. Surgery is more commonly used for cases of severe Emphysema. One type of lung surgery is a bullectomy. Large, abnormal bullae (air spaces) are removed during a bullectomy surgery. Another surgical procedure is lung volume reduction, which involves surgically removing injured areas of the upper lung. The riskiest and most challenging treatment option is lung transplants, where new lungs totally or partially replace a patient’s damaged organ from a living or deceased donor.
At a basic level, Stem cells are recognized as the building blocks of biology due to their remarkable regenerative properties. These totipotent cells offer a promising therapeutic approach using naturally derived cells from human tissues and blood. In COPD Stem Cell Treatments, damaged lung tissues and cells that cause complications are targeted to restore signaling pathways required for lung repair. Recent studies have also shown that patients with airway inflammation diseases, such as COPD, have a higher prevalence of inflammatory bowel diseases, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease.
Using isolated and enhanced mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSC+) allows us to target specific regions of the lung structure to slow/stop the spread of the disease, eliminate bronchitis, and reduce inflammation (in the alveoli pathway). Improvements in the pulmonary system occur through a process known as immunomodulation, making it a powerful yet safe and natural therapy for COPD. The goal of the Regeneration Center therapies for COPD and other pulmonary diseases, such as Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF), Bronchiectasis, Atelectasis, and Emphysema, is to help create the optimal environment for angiogenesis to build new capillaries, plus reduce inflammation in the lungs, which leads to tissue repair and improved lung function.[4]
Interstitial lung diseases pose a significant challenge for pulmonologists and lung bioengineering. Diseases such as asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, lung cancer, COPD, Cystic fibrosis, Emphysema, Atelectasis & hyaline membrane disease are just some of the diseases that can be managed effectively via lung stem cell therapies. Due to the complexity and locations of the diseased regions, it has always been challenging to deliver cell therapeutic agents effectively. The Regeneration Center has developed a unique and effective protocol using a combination delivery method to target diseased or damaged lung tissue. Our lung therapy uses multiple vectors for cell delivery, including Intravenous, direct injection, and endotracheal transplants. Our proprietary Intranasal delivery method (mesenchymal stem cell nebulizer) enables painless, targeted delivery of endogenous lung progenitor cells and lung epithelial stem cells to both the airway and vascular systems, organizing better pulmonary structures and improving functional outcomes in lung parenchymal damage.[5]
Pulmonary Rehabilitation After Therapy (Optional): Pulmonary Rehabilitation and breathing exercises for COPD are strongly recommended and are available at affiliated local hospitals in Bangkok, depending on the patient’s travel limitations and timing constraints. A dedicated lung rehabilitation specialist will be available upon request for 2-5 hours per day and up to 6 days per week. Medical visas and accommodations for an extended stay with an oxygen nebulizer may also be provided upon special request.
Total Treatment Length: The Lung Regeneration Center protocol is an outpatient procedure, but will require multiple stages of over two weeks of therapy in Bangkok (depending on the severity/spread of the underlying disease).
Due to varying degrees of lung damage, our medical team must review patients’ preclinical and clinical records to better understand their needs. Learn more about COPD clinical trials around the world. To get more information about lung cell therapy or to begin the COPD lung stem cells review process, please prepare your recent pulmonary tests and medical records (MRI or Chest CT Scans) and contact us today.
The total number of pulmonary stem cell infusions will depend on the severity of restrictive lung disease, and multiple stages may be necessary for patients with scarring on the lung tissue or diffuse parenchymal complications. For optimal results, the Regeneration Center employs a proprietary cell-delivery method that yields 40% better outcomes than IV infusions alone. Because lung diseases are progressive, some patients may require allogeneic UC-MSC+ cells. Patients with honeycombing, severe respiratory damage, or multiple comorbidities may require multiple infusions.
Post-Treatment Lung Rehabilitation: Pulmonary rehabilitation services are optional but strongly recommended following any treatment. For patients who can stay in Thailand, we offer a comprehensive integrative rehabilitation program in partnership with local hospitals in Bangkok. Pulmonary rehabilitation is also beneficial for patients experiencing severe difficulty breathing or severe lung hardening. Smoking is also much discouraged for patients with this condition, and active smokers will not qualify for our treatment. The rehabilitation packages in Bangkok are available to all candidates as needed (2-5 hours per day, six days per week). Medical treatment visas and hotel accommodations for long-term stays can also be provided upon request.
Due to varying degrees of respiratory diseases, our medical team must review patients’ medical files for approval. The medical review can be done online or in person. Suitable candidates will be required to stay in Bangkok for a minimum of 2 weeks. To begin the qualification process, please prepare your recent pulmonary tests, such as spirometry, lung function tests, and radiologic scans (MRI or HRCT), and contact us today.
[1] ^ Al-Jamal, R, W A H Wallace, and D J Harrison. 2005. Gene therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: twilight or triumph? Expert opinion on biological therapy, no. 3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15833071
[2] ^ Antonucci, Ivana, Andrea Pantalone, Stefano Tete, Vincenzo Salini, Cesar V Borlongan, David Hess, and Liborio Stuppia. 2012. Amniotic fluid stem cells: a promising therapeutic resource for cell-based regenerative therapy. Current pharmaceutical design, no. 13. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22352751
[3] ^ Jin, Zhixian, Xinghua Pan, Kaihua Zhou, Hong Bi, Liyan Wang, Lu Yu, and Qing Wang. 2015. Biological effects and mechanisms of action of mesenchymal stem cell therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Journal of international medical research, no. 3 (April 1). doi:10.1177/0300060514568733. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25834280
[4] ^ Lim, Sam, David Chi-Leung Lam, Abdul Razak Muttalif, Faisal Yunus, Somkiat Wongtim, Le Thi Tuyet Lan, Vikram Shetty, et al. 2015. The impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Thailand and the Asia-Pacific region is the EPIC Asia population-based survey. Asia Pacific Family Medicine, no. 1 (April 23). doi:10.1186/s12930-015-0020-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25937817
[5] ^ Mora, Ana L, and Mauricio Rojas. 2013. Adult stem cells for chronic lung diseases. Respirology (Carlton, Vic.), no. 7. doi:10.1111/resp.12112. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23648014
[6] ^ Akram, Khondoker M, Neil Patel, Monica A Spiteri, and Nicholas R Forsyth. 2016. Lung Regeneration: Endogenous and Exogenous Stem Cell-Mediated Therapeutic Approaches. International Journal of molecular sciences, no. 1 (January 19). doi:10.3390/ijms17010128. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/267607
Adult stem cell therapy for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and damaged lungs is now possible via lung bioengineering and advancements in cellular biology. This new approach allows up to ameliorate lung injuries and degenerative lung diseases by using therapeutic levels of pulmonary MSC+ cells while increasing its localization and retention.
MSC+ pulmonary cell therapy works by exerting effects on lung inflammation and tissue injury and with interactions of the immune system and direct actions to the lung. Cell therapy offers a safe alternative treatment to traditional medicines, oxygen therapy, lung surgery, and lung transplants and should be considered an effective treatment and not a cure. Each patient is unique, and therefore, results may vary.
All medical treatments carry risk, and side effects can happen with any treatment. Proper follow-up instructions must be followed to avoid potential risks such as infections, Digestive system problems, or temporary flu-like symptoms during the first 24 hours after cell infusions.
